Attachment Styles And Romantic Relationship Outcomes Psychology Essay

Attachment Styles And Romantic Relationship Outcomes Psychology Essay Many researchers have shown a link between attachment styles and romantic relationship outcomes. Attachment styles deals with early infant parent caring and environment, internal working models of themselves, their early relationships with peer or friends and attachment security. These major attachment styles leads to the different timing of the first sexual intercourse which later shows links to relationship satisfaction, quality of romantic relationships, union formation and the number of romantic partners. The timing of first sexual activity is classified at either early age (14 or earlier), on time (15-19) or late age (19 or older) (Harden 2012). Many studies have shown that individuals prefer partners with similar attachment style, a complementary attachment style or either the attachment style most likely to form attachment security, is all dealt with the age of an individual. This theory of attachment increases the understanding of Hardens (2012) findings and explains these fi ndings by him. The characteristics and stability of teenagers romantic relationship in young adulthood is concerned with the timing of teenager ¿Ã‚ ½s first sexual intercourse. One theory that suggests reasons for the quality of this romantic relationship is the attachment theory. John Bowlby was the first Psychologist to introduce the attachment theory, describing attachment as a lasting psychological connectedness between human beings (Bowlby, 1969). The attachment theory states that people  ¿Ã‚ ½construct internal, working models of themselves and their early relationships, which function to guide social behaviour throughout their life span ¿Ã‚ ½ (Bowlby, 1973). Hazen and shaver (1987) also concluded that attachment styles may influence the quality of their romantic experiences and their beliefs on relationships. This attachment theory and peer relationships are able to explain Hardens (2012) findings that concluded that  ¿Ã‚ ½timing of first sexual intercourse in adolescence predicts ro mantic outcomes in adulthood, including union formation, number of romantic partners, and relationship dissatisfaction ¿Ã‚ ½. The essential argument of the attachment theory is if parents are not available and responsive to their children ¿Ã‚ ½s needs are likely to face difficulties in their lives. Belsky et al. (1991); ¿Ã‚ ½Belsky, 1997) ¿Ã‚ ½claimed that an individual ¿Ã‚ ½s early family environment, including the childhood-parent attachment relationship, conveys to children the risks and uncertainties they are likely to face in their lifetimes (Belsky, J. et al. 2010). It has been stated that  ¿Ã‚ ½Such information adaptively regulates psychological, behavioural, and reproductive development, either toward a mutually beneficial orientation to interpersonal relations or toward an opportunistic, advantage-taking point of view ¿Ã‚ ½ (Belsky, J. et al. 2010). This may result and affect mating behaviour, pair bonding, and parental investment, and also has been said to result earlier or later sexual intercourse, number of romantic partner, unstable or stable relationships and union formation(Belsky , J. et al. 2010). From this evidence attachment of individuals with their parents explains the results in which romantic relationships are created and built and timing of first sexual intercourse. Friendships are extremely significant during adolescence, so an individual might experience internal working models (attachment theory) of close friendships to become particularly influential during this time (Trinke and Bartholomew, 1997; Weiss, 1991).Researchers have proposed that friendship during adolescence is provided as a supplement rather than a replacement for relationships between parents and should be considered as a unique factor on adolescent functioning (Furman Simon 1998; Paterson et al. 1994). Peer relationship or friendship is known to contribute to later romantic relationship outcomes, and best known by the scholar Sullivan(1953). He viewed  ¿Ã‚ ½chumpships established in middle childhood as foundational for later romantic relationships ¿Ã‚ ½ (Madsen, S., Collins, W. 2011). A research by Neemann et al. (1995), documented that peer relationships or friendships during the age of middle adolcence influences factors such as romantic relationship involvement, numbe r of romantic partners, and relationship satisfaction and the quality of relationship in young adulthood. Furthermore, rejections experienced by friends in middle adolescence are significant issues in the development of rejection sensitivity, and the results of these experiences of rejection have been strongly correlated with dissatisfaction in romantic relationships (Downey, Bonica, Rinc ¿Ã‚ ½n, 1999). Many studies have focused on that relationship satisfaction and behavioural patterns is associated with attachment styles. Collins and Read (1990) stated that attachment characteristics were connected to the partner ¿Ã‚ ½s evaluation of the relationship, although differently for both genders. A study by Pistole (1989) investigated attachment styles and conflict resolution recorded by college students concerning their most important romance. The results indicated  ¿Ã‚ ½secure subjects reported more adaptive strategies, than insecure subjects, and adaptive strategies were associated with satisfaction relationships ¿Ã‚ ½ (Pistole 1989). In a previous study by Kobak and Hazan (1991), examined married couples and asked them to complete attachment styles and martial satisfaction measures and to contribute in behavioural and martial interaction tasks. The results concluded that there is major relationship between security of attachment and both partners martial satisfaction (Senchak, M. and Lenonard, K. 1992). Both of these studies suggest a connection between attachment styles and evaluation of relationships, and behavioural conflict which leads to relationship dissatisfaction and union formation (Senchak, M. and Lenonard, K. 1992). Adult attachment style may determine an individual ¿Ã‚ ½s, sense of security, and how felt security is sought, in order to be successful in achieving this goal is most likely dependent about their partner ¿Ã‚ ½s attachment styles and behaviour (Holmes, B. and Johnson, K. 2009). Individuals that will show preference towards partners with similar attachment characteristics to their own is called the similarity hypothesis (Holmes, B. and Johnson, K. 2009). Gaining insight of the similarity hypothesis, the application of self-enhancement theory, which proposes individuals will to enhance their self-image, will have a strong desire for positive feedback from others (Baumeister, 1982; Greenwald, 1980; Jones, 1973; Kaplan, 1975). From this theory, it represents that individuals might prefer partners on the basis of their attachment style. The results of this theory indicated secure individuals would prefer securely attached partners and would allow for the experience of confidence and i ndependence (Holmes, B. Johnson, K. 2009). However, insecure individuals, it is predicted that the preference of partners becomes more problematic (Holmes, B. Johnson, K. 2009). Both of these theories predict secure individuals demonstrate preference to one another while variations exit in the preferences of insecure individuals (Holmes, B. Johnson, K. 2009). Overall it can be seen from the above evidence, that the attachment theory can be an explanation for Hardens (2012) findings. From the attachment theory it is predicted that early parent-child relationships are influences of later love relationships. A major function of attachment relationships is to provide feelings of security (Sroufe Waters, 1977). The internal working models of an individual and attachment styles determines and individual ¿Ã‚ ½s quality of romantic outcomes, stability and number of romantic partners. The studies mentioned above supports this, and strongly suggest an explanation for Hardens (2012) findings. Peer relationships or friendships, a part of attachment styles is also known to influence individuals during middle adolescence and known to contribute to romantic relationship outcomes, number of romantic partners, union formation. These finding give a greater insight into the human psyche.

Willy Loman is No Tragic Hero in Arthur Millers Death of a Salesman :: Death of a Salesman Essays

Willy Loman is No Tragic Hero in Arthur Miller's Death of a Salesman In Arthur Miller’s essay about â€Å"Tragedy and the Common Man,† he argues that the common man is as appropriate a subject for tragedy as the very highly placed kings and noble men. Mankind keeps tragedy above all forms because they are given the same mental abilities as the nobles. In â€Å"Death of a Salesman†, Willy Loman is a common man and a middle class worker, enough saving to provide food for his family. So if the tragic hero can be a common man, does Willy fit in that category? Even though he is a common man he fails to live up to the standards of being a tragic hero because he never accepts nor admits to his own errors. He, therefore, loses his dignity. One of his biggest errors is his failure of be a good father. Willy Loman’s character is capable of making errors. He believes he is a very successful salesman and well liked. He also thinks that the company likes what he is doing. He once said, â€Å"I’m the New England man. I am vital in New England† (Miller pg. 32) Because of his false belief about his success Howard fired him. After he got fired charley offered him a job, but he refuses to accept, because he is too proud and jealous to work for Charley. His actions were wrong because at no time was a successful salesman. He is not a powerful character. Willy lives in his fantasies where he is the man. Who goes out to another place and comes out rich, he is love by everyone and admired by his family. In real life, he is lazy and does not live up to his own ideals. â€Å"As Aristotle explains, a tragic hero must be one of noble character and must fall from power and happiness.†(Www.ccd.rightchoice.org/lit115/poetics.html) but Willy neither has a noble characteristi c nor does he fall from power because he does not have a position of power. According to Miller, a tragic hero is someone who dies for personal dignity. Willy does die for his dignity. â€Å"Those who act against the scheme of things that degrades them.†(Miller. Tragedy of the Common Man) Willy, in his ideas and action of committing suicide, fits in that category. In act 2, Willy reveals his desires to win back Biff’s respect by committing suicide.

Financial planning

Investment is not as simple as it seems. For, many people often wonder which of the different types of investment processes will yield more money in the shortest possible time(Weston, 1996). People often equate the viability of investments in terms of many factors including safety, risk, income, growth, and liquidity. The following paragraphs explain these decision making factors in detail. BODY Stock or Equity Financing. The investor will feel safe if he invests in a company that has a historical trend of generating profits(Gapenski, 1997). For, he gets a share of the income if the company makes money. On the other hand, the investor will have a high probability   of   squandering his or her money if the company he or she invests in has been generating losses for the past year or years of operation. To reiterate, he will generate income if the company generates income. Also, he or she will find his or her investment money decrease if the company generates losses. For, his or her investment in stocks or equity financing will grow if the company generates profits in its generating activities. Thus, if the company generates losses, the company will stop growing in terms of net assets. If the assets of the company are liquid, then this is a good investment. Liquidity is how very near the assets like inventory, accounts receivable and the remaining other assets can be easily converted into cash. Cash is the most liquid asset. The investor is the stockholder or owner of a certain percentage of the company. Surely, future income is unpredictable. Corporate and Goverment Bonds.  Ã‚   The investor will feel safe if the company he lends his money has been generating income for the past year or years of operations for there is strong probability that the company will have enough money to pay the bond investor. Evidently, this is a lender (investor) & borrower (loaner) relationship. Likewise, if the company is generating profits for the past years, then there a miniscule risk that the creditor will be paid when the due date for loan payment arrives. The income of the investor here is based on a pre –agreed interest rate. Thus, future interest income can be predicted. The growth is predictably fixed based on the periodic interest income rate agreed by the parties. Investment here is very liquid because the investor received fixed interest income on the money he lent to the company. Definitely, investment here is very predictably fixed. Mutual Funds.   Here, money from a group of investors is collected and invested in bonds, stocks and other short term money market securities and instruments. This is a safe investment because the mutual funds are invested by an expert third party in stocks, bonds or cash options such as Euro dollar, and other foreign currencies in what we call forward contracts. Thus, investments here are safe and the risk is very minimal. The income is very assured because money is invested in several income -generating companies. The mutual fund representatives are generally experts in giving advice on which funds to invest money in. The mutual fund advisor gathers data and analyzes the peculiarities of each fund and determines the optimal mix of securities and communicates this to the investor. Consequently, money invested here will grow fast because of the expert management of the mutual fund advisors. Finally, liquidity is reassured because the money invested in the different funds can be easily divested and the cash investment withdrawn.   Clearly, future income here is unpredictably in the investor’s favor. Real Estate.   Investment in real estate is very safe because the market value of land continues to escalate upward. Thus, there is a very small risk in real estate investments. Investment in land is very reassured because land prices continue to rise each year. Furthermore, growth will undoubtedly unfold each year. This investment is very liquid because, land can easily be sold and converted to cash anytime of the day. Investment here is very lucratively predictable. CONCLUSION: Four of the more popular investment methods are   1) Stock or Equity Financing 2)Corporate and Government Bonds 3) Mutual Funds 4) Real Estate. The bottom line here is that   the investor in interested to know if he or she will make money from investing his or her hard earned cash and cash equivalents. In conclusion, each investor will often choose the method which he or she is very comfortable with. REFERENCES: Weston et. Al., Essentials of Managerial Finance, Dryden Press, New York, 1996 Gapenski, L., Brigham, E., Financial Management, Dryden Press, New York, 1997    Financial planning Investment is not as simple as it seems. For, many people often wonder which of the different types of investment processes will yield more money in the shortest possible time(Weston, 1996). People often equate the viability of investments in terms of many factors including safety, risk, income, growth, and liquidity. The following paragraphs explain these decision making factors in detail. BODY Stock or Equity Financing. The investor will feel safe if he invests in a company that has a historical trend of generating profits(Gapenski, 1997). For, he gets a share of the income if the company makes money. On the other hand, the investor will have a high probability   of   squandering his or her money if the company he or she invests in has been generating losses for the past year or years of operation. To reiterate, he will generate income if the company generates income. Also, he or she will find his or her investment money decrease if the company generates losses. For, his or her investment in stocks or equity financing will grow if the company generates profits in its generating activities. Thus, if the company generates losses, the company will stop growing in terms of net assets. If the assets of the company are liquid, then this is a good investment. Liquidity is how very near the assets like inventory, accounts receivable and the remaining other assets can be easily converted into cash. Cash is the most liquid asset. The investor is the stockholder or owner of a certain percentage of the company. Surely, future income is unpredictable. Corporate and Goverment Bonds.  Ã‚   The investor will feel safe if the company he lends his money has been generating income for the past year or years of operations for there is strong probability that the company will have enough money to pay the bond investor. Evidently, this is a lender (investor) & borrower (loaner) relationship. Likewise, if the company is generating profits for the past years, then there a miniscule risk that the creditor will be paid when the due date for loan payment arrives. The income of the investor here is based on a pre –agreed interest rate. Thus, future interest income can be predicted. The growth is predictably fixed based on the periodic interest income rate agreed by the parties. Investment here is very liquid because the investor received fixed interest income on the money he lent to the company. Definitely, investment here is very predictably fixed. Mutual Funds.   Here, money from a group of investors is collected and invested in bonds, stocks and other short term money market securities and instruments. This is a safe investment because the mutual funds are invested by an expert third party in stocks, bonds or cash options such as Euro dollar, and other foreign currencies in what we call forward contracts. Thus, investments here are safe and the risk is very minimal. The income is very assured because money is invested in several income -generating companies. The mutual fund representatives are generally experts in giving advice on which funds to invest money in. The mutual fund advisor gathers data and analyzes the peculiarities of each fund and determines the optimal mix of securities and communicates this to the investor. Consequently, money invested here will grow fast because of the expert management of the mutual fund advisors. Finally, liquidity is reassured because the money invested in the different funds can be easily divested and the cash investment withdrawn.   Clearly, future income here is unpredictably in the investor’s favor. Real Estate.   Investment in real estate is very safe because the market value of land continues to escalate upward. Thus, there is a very small risk in real estate investments. Investment in land is very reassured because land prices continue to rise each year. Furthermore, growth will undoubtedly unfold each year. This investment is very liquid because, land can easily be sold and converted to cash anytime of the day. Investment here is very lucratively predictable. CONCLUSION: Four of the more popular investment methods are   1) Stock or Equity Financing 2)Corporate and Government Bonds 3) Mutual Funds 4) Real Estate. The bottom line here is that   the investor in interested to know if he or she will make money from investing his or her hard earned cash and cash equivalents. In conclusion, each investor will often choose the method which he or she is very comfortable with. REFERENCES: Weston et. Al., Essentials of Managerial Finance, Dryden Press, New York, 1996 Gapenski, L., Brigham, E., Financial Management, Dryden Press, New York, 1997   

The Time Of Early Human Civilization - 3258 Words

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During the enlightenment, great philosophers such as Cesare Beccaria, Jeremy Bentham, and John Howard changed the perspective on human life. Prior the enlightenment, people were not rational and they believed that behavior was not a function of their choice. That’s why they highly supported punishment for retribution. However, during post-enlightenment the main purpose of punishment became to deter or stop crime. In hopes of getting criminals of the street, new ways of punishing evolved but mainly it gave development to incarceration. The number of individuals living in correctional facilities acrossShow MoreRelatedCivilization : A World Without Civilization954 Words   |  4 PagesCivilization After being asked the question â€Å"What is Civilization?† I began to consider what civilization meant to me, and what could it have meant for millions of people in the past. 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