Impact of Nursing Unit Turnover on Patient Outcomes Essay

The problem addressed by the article is the impact of nursing turnover on patient care.   It has been assumed that patient care is affected by turnover but there has not been a good understanding of the relationship between turnover and quality of care. Most research has simply shown that there is a direct relationship between the two without exploring the underlying mechanisms. Study purpose The study aims at describing the underlying mechanisms in the relationship between nursing turnover and quality of care of patients. The objective of the study was to find out how turnover in nursing units affects processes among key work groups and how the impact of these processes affects outcomes of patients. Study variables The study variables are nursing unit turnover, workgroup processes, patient outcomes, control variables and education level.   The independent variables was nursing unit turnover while the dependent variable was patient outcomes which included patient satisfaction, average length of stay, medication errors and patient falls. Workgroup cohesion, relational coordination and workgroup learning were the process variables. Other variables included in the article were control variables which included work complexity, teaching status, technological sophistication, hospital size and unit size as well as nurse characteristics such as RN hours, unit tenure, education level and patient characteristics (health status, patient age and previous hospitalizations). Conceptual framework The conceptual framework applied was modeled around the IPO framework (input-process-outcome) which assesses workgroup behavior and performance effectiveness. It is incorporated in most models of workgroup effectiveness. Workgroup processes are those mechanisms which inhibit or encourage members of a team to combine their abilities and behavior (Kozlowski et al, 2003). These include workgroup cohesion, workgroup learning and relational coordination. The unit level patient outcomes include patient satisfaction, length of stay, patient falls and medication errors. In the conceptual framework, the hospital, nurse and patient characteristics as well as the nursing unit were identified as control variables. Literature Review The literature review supports a need for the study as it identifies the fact that there has been research that establishes that there truly is an effect of nursing turnover on patient outcomes. However there is very little information that describes the actual relationship between nursing turnover and patient outcomes. The literature review identifies some of the effects of turnover as detachment, a disruption in communication flow and a disruption of established relationships (Sung-Heui et al, 2010). A nursing unit with high turnover requires more time for new staff to adjust while the staff that remain have to be more careful when supervising the new staff. This has the overall effect of lowering relational coordination. The article also identifies that work learning is does not occur well when there is no stability as is the case in units with high turnover (Sung-Heui et al, 2010). Learning needs both change and stability thus units with very high or very low turnover may not hav e much cognitive growth. When there is greater cohesion among staff members there is also greater motivation for the employees to provide better service which leads to better patient satisfaction (Sung-Heui et al, 2010). Other patient outcomes addressed by the article include length of stay which measures how efficient the hospital is, which in turn is an indication of the efficiency in communication between healthcare providers. If a workgroup is well coordinated then there outcomes are of higher quality and they outcomes are achieved more efficiently. The article also focuses on patient falls and medication errors as an indicator that there is work group coordination and workgroup learning. When errors occur there is opportunity for learning however if there is too high turnover, then learning does not occur and there is likelihood for errors to be repeated. Study design The study design was a non-experimental longitudinal study causal modeling study. This design was appropriate for the study since it tries to establish a relationship between two variables that is whether one causes the other. Some of the threats to internal validity that the study may have include history which means that as more time elapses between measurements there is a likelihood that time may contribute to differences in results in the variables. Testing is also a possible threat to internal validity in a longitudinal study as it requires the participants to take certain tests on several occasions (Barry, 2005) Attrition is a threat to the longitudinal study design; when participants drop out of the study before all the data is collected is likely to distort the accuracy of results (Barry, 2005). Sample and setting The sample consisted of 268 nursing units from 141 hospitals. This sample size was adequate to ensure generalizability of the research findings. Additionally using nursing units from various hospitals served to increase the generalizability of the findings. The sample was derived from the medical-surgical units and nursing units of acute care facilities of various hospitals, settings that again provided a good representation of all the hospitals and helped to increase the external validity of the study. Identification and control of extraneous variables Some of the identified extraneous variables included environmental uncertainty such as volumes, types of patients which increased the complexity in work processes and group dynamics among nurses. Work complexity was measured using a 7-item scale developed to measure environmental uncertainty. The scale measured work complexity by identifying frequent interruptions or unanticipated events. Technological sophistication was also measured using the Saidin Index which provided a weighted sum of the number of technologies and services that were available in the hospital. Study instruments/tools Both primary and secondary data were collected in this study. Secondary data was obtained from secondary data collected from the Outcomes Research in Nursing Administration Project (II) (ORNA II). Nursing units provided turnover rates for six months and nurses also completed questionnaires which measured various workgroup processes. The patient data collected was also from the ORNA II project. The use of such data collection methods was appropriate as it provided a rich data source. Additionally, the use of data from the ORNA project provided a reliable source of good quality data. Data analysis procedures The unit of analysis in the study was the nursing unit. The variables relational coordination, work group learning, patient satisfaction, workgroup cohesion, patient satisfaction and work complexity were measured at the individual level and were then aggregated to the unit level. The study used linear and count models to determine the distribution of the outcome and process variables. The average LOS was estimated using a model of random effects while the medication errors and patient falls were analyzed using a Poisson regression model that was adjusted for dispersion. The Poisson regression is appropriate for rate data such as the one collected in this study. The use of the linear counts is also appropriate as it allows for a relation between the linear model and the response variable. Strengths/limitations The strength of the study lies in the use of the IPO framework. Using this framework allows for the underlying mechanisms such as workgroup processes to be evaluated and considered as variables. Thus the study looks at input variables, process variables and output variables providing adequate data with which to describe the underlying mechanisms and relationship between nursing turnover and patient outcomes. Some of the limitations of the study include the model which assumes that the turnover affects relational coordination a few months after it has occurred. The time period of two months may not have been sufficient to assess true variation of the turnover levels. Another limitation was the missing variables that have an effect on turnover, patient outcomes and workgroup processes. Some of these include the support of managers, supervision and organizational effectiveness which also have an impact on whether a nurse stays or not. Implications The results of the study make it necessary that there be further research on the effect of nursing turnover on patient outcomes and workgroup processes. The findings of the study support a need to increase work group coordination and cohesion so as to improve patient satisfaction. These findings are consistent with previous research findings. The research findings also show that the in nursing units where there was higher workgroup learning there were fewer errors in giving medications. This supports empirical evidence for the development and sustenance of processes where nurses are supported in discussing and learning from their errors.

The Scramble for Africa in Late 19th Century to Early 20th Century.

During the late 19th century and the early 20th century, European countries began their scramble for Africa which caused African to suffer from violence like wars, slavery and unfairness, but there was also a positive, peaceful and diplomatic consequences and events in Africa like fair trade system, new technology and the security given to Africans under European rule. An additional document written by an African commoner would help to further assess the African actions and reactions by telling what happened to them during that time period and their reaction towards that issue.European imperialism in Africa mainly caused violent acts and suffering to the African natives but there were positive event. Before European imperialisms, Africans lived their usual lives and attended their crops. However, during the imperialism, Africans had to attend European crops because they were treated like slaves and had to do the bearings for their colonizers (Doc. 4). There were also wars and rebelli ons against the Europeans to fight off their colonization deed because of the unfairness and suffering they had to endure.For example, machine guns, cannons and strategies and formation skills helped to efficiently kill people and cause suffering (Doc 5). Also the violence against Africans can’t be merely described in words, for Europeans took away their land and possessions. They burned their villages, killed and plundered and so their wickedness and injustice against the Africans were seen (Doc 9). A German officer said that the Africans had a magic medicine that would give them good harvest and invulnerability to Europeans.This would help them fight off the unfairness of slavery, under-wage labor, bulletproof ability and strength women and children from the hardships of war (Doc. 8). But by analyzing this document, we should take into account that this is written by a German officer. By interpreting this, we could see that the German officer is mocking the Africans for bei ng superstitious and using petty medicines to fight off their supreme power.Because the Germans saw themselves as a powerful nation through strong military tactics and improved technology, they are making fun of the Africans for using this medicine to win over their rule. However, Africans had a strong sense of nationalism, especially women, like Yaa Asantewa. As queen she saw the cowardliness of the chiefs and gave them a long speech about the bravery of Ashanti is gone and if they aren’t willing to go forward and protect the country, the women will. They would hold arms against the Europeans until the last of them dies (Doc. ). Also chief Maherero wrote a letter to another chief in order to help persuade him to take arms against the Europeans, to fight rather than die from weakly disease or maltreatment, etc. (Doc 7). This shows that’s strong sense of nationalism within Africa. Even though there were mostly war and violence, the source of suffering in Africa, there w ere also peaceful and positive means in colonization. Africans and Europeans signed a contract calling for equal trade, fairness, bettering of the people, no war and not interfering with native laws and customs. Doc. 1) However, because of the contact between African and Europeans through wars and other forms of contact, improved technologies were brought to African through the Europeans (Doc. 5). For example, machine guns, cannons and strategies and formation skills helped influenced the warfare in Africa, like the Battle of Adowa, where Ethiopians fought against the Italians and won. Also, Prempeh I declined British’s offer to become one of its protectorates, however he wants to stay under peaceful terms with them and traditional at the same time (Doc 2).When analyzing this document, we should take into account that Prempeh I is the king. So by interpreting this document, we could conclude that because he’s the king of Ashanti, if he became part of British’s p rotectorate countries, he would lose his power as king. Because by declining, it benefitted him, he decline British’s offer. The Emperor of Ethiopia also declined to become a protectorate under the Europeans because God had protected them and would continue to protect them for God doesn’t want to divide up Ethiopia (Doc 3).He also stated that God would help aid them in recovering their lost lands to Muslims. With this, we could conclude that Ethiopians during that time period is very Christian and believed in God. Europeans countries began to their imperialisms in Africa during the late 19th century and the early 20th century, where they caused violence and suffering like rebellions, slavery and unfairness to the Africans, but there was also a positive, peaceful and diplomatic events in Africa like fair trade system, new technology and the security given to Africans under European rule.

Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 40

Ethics - Essay Example 2. In this case scenario, a follower of moral pluralism would put into consideration various moral perspectives before deciding whether or not to help Hitler get out of the water; ultimately, the follower of moral pluralism would not help Hitler because not helping him is in conformity with many moral perspectives. On the other hand, a follower of Kantian deontology would help Hitler because failure to help him to get out of the water is tantamount to treating him not as end in itself, but rather as a mean to some end. 3. The main difference between ethics of care and other ethical theories is that, unlike other ethical theories that emphasize on application of universal principles in overcoming moral dilemmas, ethics of care advocates for consideration of the particular action committed and the circumstances under which the action was performed in determining the morality of an action. Ethics of care hold that application of universal ethical principles in solving ethical conflicts can lead to moral indifference in some circumstances. Ethics of care advocates for focus on the best way to respond in solving moral dilemmas. 4. Sartre claims that any explanation that deflects one’s complete responsibility is an example in bad faith. This is because an authentic moral agent for Sartre is a person who acts in freedom. Freedom and authenticity are key in Sartre’s ethical worldview. Freedom for Sartre means the ability for self-determination, while authenticity means the ability to be genuine in one’s actions. For Sartre, an authentic moral agent is free to genuinely make his moral decisions. Sartre’s authentic moral agent is different from Kantian ideal moral agent because, for Kant, ideal moral agent is a person who is restricted by the prevailing rules and regulations; Kant’s ideal agent is not free in his moral decisions. 5. An emotivist philosopher would lodge the following critique against the Rossian Pluralism: the Rossian

Introduction to the Web Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Introduction to the Web - Coursework Example After the passage of almost two decades, Tim Berners Lee devised a mechanism for individuals to access information at CERN in Switzerland. He developed a new file format hypertext and a new protocol hypertext transfer protocol. The combination of the file format and the protocol became to be known as World Wide Web. The year 1994 marked the launch of the first graphical web browser that increased the popularity of internet. The project that began with the endeavours of few members turned out to be the biggest information storage platform and source of a diverse range of services. The progression of the concept of internet can be evaluated from the fact that there were only 562 hosts till the year 1983, whereas the number of systems arose to 2 million by the year 1993. According to the latest figures from Internet Society (2010) for July 2010, there are 768, 913, 036 hosts on the internet. 2. Contributions of the Internet There has been a significant impact on individuals and societie s, due to the advent of internet. The field of communication has witnessed such great developments that people in one part of the world can be aware of the happenings in the other end. The field of education has also revolutionized to a great extent as it enables the students to attend their class sessions from the vicinity of their choice. The field of business has been made more structured and organized due to the incorporation of information management systems. Earlier, students and researchers had to make uncountable trips to the libraries to find research related to their research domains. The invention of internet has provided an ocean of knowledge for the modern man, where he can get guidance about any field of life. The impact of internet on the society shall be analyzed in detail with the help of some available web applications: 2.1 Email The web application of electronic mail (email) has made two words very important in the modern world: efficiency and speed. Email provide s effective delivery of required content in a low cost manner. The speed of email has reduced the geographical barriers of the world since recipients get emails from senders within seconds, irrespective of the place on the planet. An internet connection has to be possessed by the participants of the email; otherwise there is no cost of sending an email. The conventional modes of delivery (like postal mail, telegram) of messages were dependent on the location of the recipient. It even eliminates the need to possess a stamp or envelope. The effectiveness of the delivery of the email is almost 100% unless the email address is not correct or the recipients email inbox has no space to receive new messages. It is often considered even better than making a traditional phone call since the recipient does not have to be present to receive the email. It saves time of the sender as he does not have to attempt making contact with the recipient several times; the recipient can check the message at his own time and convenience. Email has made life simpler and fast paced. People tend to feel closer to their peers who might be residing thousands of miles away due to the speed of email. A message can be sent to multiple recipients at the same time which also saves times of the sender. Attachments can be sent via emails that may contain word documents, pictures, videos etc. Formal emails serve as professional records of communication between the colleagues and form

Distribution strategies within the marketing mix Essay - 1

Distribution strategies within the marketing mix - Essay Example However, wholesalers are incapable of marketing the products and also eat a big chunk of the profit. In such a scenario, telemarketing plays an important role for a company. The article is highly relevant from point of view of Distribution Strategies because with changing nature of businesses, the proliferation of technology and shorter product cycles, the distribution strategies must also evolve. A large number of customers are getting used to Internet and e-commerce. Telemarketing has been existent for a long time as an effective sales channel. However with growing customer base and complexity, larger organizations need to take help of specialized brokers and agents to take advantage of economies of scale. It saves considerable long-term costs for the company as well. Also the use of wholesalers for distribution must be though over rigorously. While they are a vital link in the distribution chain, they also act as a cost centre for a company. Economically, it may not make sense for small organizations to use external agents or brokers for this purpose. However, in order to venture into foreign markets, they may be required in small

Portfolio Project (350 Points) The Portfolio Project is due at the end Term Paper

Portfolio Project (350 Points) The Portfolio Project is due at the end of Module 8. Read the following description carefully. C - Term Paper Example Lastly, it reflects on how the digital aspects have influenced the rise of secular religions with its popularization. Metzger, M. J., & Flanagin, A. J. (2008). Digital media, youth, and credibility. Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press. This book portrays the way society has unlimited access to broad spectrums of information through extremely portable and easy to access digital forms as compared to the past. It expounds on the comfort brought by the availability of media tools as forms of entertainment and quality information providers. It also touches on the youth as possible audiences and implementers of the same. In addition, it emphasizes on the need by the youth to use the internet as a health information seeking to tool for their personal gain. Miller, R. (2008). Digital art: Painting with pixels. Minneapolis, MN: Twenty-First Century Books. In this book, the digital form of art is on the spotlight by giving the meaning of this art form then building up on its impact on culture. It diffe rentiates the digital way from the traditional form of artistry by presenting its historic background. Additionally, the book encompasses how technology in the digital world has evolved to give birth to sophisticated outputs in the advertising field. Lastly, it gives insights in to contemporary art and the influence that the tool has on cultural growth. Morgan D. (2008). Key Words in Religion, Media and Culture. Taylor & Francis: London. This book is an introduction to cultural interrelation between the digital media and religion. It gives the extent to which the media tool has affected important concepts within the religious walls. Morgan has incorporated a number of scholars in this book to bring out seasoned rationale revolving around inquisitions on the constitution of culture. it provides a basis in to which future generations may refer to when it comes to leads towards theological explanations in the future through the digital media. Finally, it gives insights in to the curios ity that has led to the inception of secular religions and idol worship as part of the digitally revolutionized culture. Ricardo, F. J. (2009). Cyberculture and new media. Amsterdam: Rodopi. In his book, Ricardo depicts the state of the exposure in which the youths have used the digital forms for their own selfish gains. It reflects how distant the youths have gone in terms of the basic concept of internet use. It highlights on the other ways in which the youths have conveniently applied the virtual concepts to promote moral decay and immoral creations. Ideally, it is a study guide that shows disconnect between self-ideologies and societal culture. Shelly, G. B., Cashman J.T., Gunter A. G., Gunter R.E. (2008). Teachers discovering computers: Integrating technology and digital media in the classroom. Boston, Mass: Thomson/Course Technology. The projections in this book explain the transformation of the educational sector concerning dynamic approaches of advanced learning. It covers o n digitized media concepts in relation to the advancement in technological forms of simplified learning. It also depicts the ease within which instructors find their carriers to be more fulfilling than that of past tutors because of the remarkable aspect of simplified learning. Straubhaar, J. D., LaRose, R., & Davenport, L. (2012). Media now: Understanding media, culture, and technology. Boston, MA: Wadsworth/Cengage Learning. This book

E-Compensation Human Resources Information Systems Assignment

E-Compensation Human Resources Information Systems - Assignment Example The development and configuration of the infrastructure requires skilled personnel as well as resources. Another merit of the web-based compensation tool over the client-server and stand-alone PC based compensation tools is that it requires less hardware. This is because most of the hardware required for the web based compensation system are available over the internet and supported by the company hosting the web based services. The client/server and standalone PC based compensation tools require all hardware needed for the compensation system to be available locally. For this reason, the client/server and PC based compensation tools require higher initial cost to setup (Mukherjee, 2012). As much as the client-server based and stand-alone PC based compensation tools require higher initial cost to setup, they offer superior long term savings than the pc based compensation tool. The reason behind the long term saving offered by the client-server and PC based compensation tool is because an organization does not have to pay monthly or annual fees for the services to a third party company. The web based services are offered by id party companies at monthly or annual subscriptions that can result into higher long term costs. On the other hand, companies choosing the client-server and PC based compensation tools require high skilled IT department personnel to support the systems. Therefore, the web based compensation tool is recommendable for the organization stakeholders because it does not require high IT support to support the infrastructure. Moreover, the system can be upgraded and updated at lower costs compared to the client-server and stand-alone PC based services ( Sistare, Shiplett & Buss, 2009). From an employee perspective; the e-Compensation tools can motivate the organizations employees to work harder thus improving their performance. The reason behind motivation is that the efforts of

Annie Hall Sixteen candles Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Annie Hall Sixteen candles - Essay Example The mise-en-scene of a scene remains related to the theme of the movie and sets the mood of the film. An efficiently done mise-en-scene creates the â€Å"illusion of naturalness† for the viewers (Barsam and Mohanam 194). In this paper mise-en-scenes of three scenes from each of the movies Annie Hall and Sixteen Candles are analysed. Annie Hall Annie Hall directed by Woody Allen was released in 1977. The opening scene of the film has a stark element to it. In this scene Woody Allen talks directly to the audience. The background is solid and opening monologue has many lines and they have been captured by the pop culture consciousness. In less than two minutes he talks about himself and his mid-life crisis. The monologue is written by Allen himself. He talks about how he feels about life being â€Å"full of loneliness, and misery and suffering and unhappiness, and it’s all over much too quickly.† The camera was still throughout the scene with a close shot of Allen. He talks about his estranged relationship with Annie Hall and says, â€Å"I keep sifting the pieces of the relationship through my mind, and, and examining my life and trying to figure out where did the screw-up come.† He also claims himself as someone who does not worry about aging but simultaneously points out that he is balding slightly. He also tells to the audience that he is not a depressed or morose character. This scene depicts Alvy Singer as an inept, angst-ridden, pessimistic, Brooklyn-born and stand-up comedian. In one scene of the movie the characters Alvy Singer (Woody Allen) and Annie Hall (Diane Keaton) are shown to boil live lobsters for meal. They bring home a bag of lobsters but they escape and create havoc. They are in a beach house and seem to have uproarious fun while trying to catch the crawling lobsters on the floor of their kitchen. The entire sequence which lasts for almost 75 seconds is done in a single shot. The camera is made to follow the characte rs around the room and this gives the scene a sense of urgency. The way the characters run and move the chair adds to the fun sequence. The dialogues were funny and enhanced the fun element. It was clear that Alvy was scared of lobsters and Annie was having fun by picking them up and scaring him. At one time Alvy squeezes beside a refrigerator and finds a lobster behind it and he jokes, â€Å"It'll turn up in our bed at night. Talk to him. You speak shellfish.† Annie attempts to capture the experience with her camera although Alvy feels scared to hold the lobsters in his hand in order to pose for her. Allen’s mise-en-scene reflects the camera movement to follow the movements of the character rather than anticipating them. At the beginning of the scene viewers can hear the conversation between Alvy and Annie although they cannot be seen. As the camera stands still, they walk towards it and end up in the foreground of the frame. The scene is known for its unscripted dial ogues and laughter which makes the viewers to relate with the scene more easily. This movie concentrates on the nuances of the relation between Alvy and Annie. The scene in which the viewers see Alvy and Annie together for the first time is set in a movie theater. The scene is not a romantic moment; it is a thrilling chivalrous gesture. Although the characters seem to be comfortable in the presence of each other, there is the element of annoyance. Alvy is shown as irritated because she has been late and this made her miss the first couple of minutes of the

Methods to Stop Different Cyber Crimes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Methods to Stop Different Cyber Crimes - Essay Example Internet users should chose passwords with that consist of at least five characters. These passwords are not easily guessed by the criminals. Passwords that are made based on names, nicknames, telephone numbers, and other obvious words should be avoided. Passwords should consist of both uppercase and lowercase character. However, such passwords may be difficult to remember. Internet users should aim at creating the most unique passwords that do no appear in dictionary entries (Standler, 2004). Internet users are required to activate their spam blocker whenever they use the Internet. Spam blockers enable individuals to block messages that are not needed from getting into the inbox. In addition, a spam blocker ensures that phishing emails that may be used to defraud Internet users are prevented from getting into the inbox. Most Internet providers have spam blocking features (Ehow, 2012). Antivirus software such as McAfee, Norton, Kasperskey and Avast should be installed on computers. The installation of an antivirus alone is not an adequate measure in preventing viruses from infecting the computer; the anti virus must be updated on a regular basis. Malware, spyware and viruses can only be eliminated from the computer if the antivirus is allowed to scan the whole computer system (Ehow, 2012). Further, Internet users can stop cyber crime by using their computer’s firewall protection feature. Firewall is a digitally created barrier that enables Internet users to prevent cyber criminals from accessing their computer systems. The Firewall should always be turned on in order to prevent the illegal activities of cyber criminals (Ehow, 2012). Also, cyber crimes can be prevented if Internet users constantly encrypt useful information as they send it to intended recipients. This can be done through the use of encryption software which ensures that personal and confidential information

Free

Free Essay on Study Plan Essay 1. Do my best to finish all the three tasks in English course 2. Enlarge my vocabulary 3. Improve my writing and speaking skills Long-term goals Have TOEIC and OPlc test in next year’s winter vacation and get the level at least 900 Action plan For short-term goals 1. I need to spend enough time on doing the tasks and e-portfolio of the English course. And do my best to work with my partner or group member to complete the tasks. 2. I have some problem about vocabulary which influences other aspects of my English study. So I think it is really important to enlarge my vocabulary. The first way is making a study group in Academy. I have done one and a half of them and find it really helpful because there are some tasks we can do to use the words so that we can remember the words. Reading the English Articles and watching the English Movies are also good ways. Another thing I can do is using the word cards and reviewing them frequently. 3. To improve my writing skill, write the passage in English frequently and try to prevent the grammar mistakes. To improve my speaking skills, actually there are a lot of opportunities. I can speak English everyday by using telephone English to enhance my pronunciation. And I also need to speak more in class or just chat with exchange students and local students.

Analyzing Historical Documents

Analyzing Historical Documents ANALYSIS: DOCUMENT A The document is an account of the Allied defeat in Norway, owing to what is known as the â€Å"Phony War† phase of World War II (WWII) wherein Britain and France went on the defense instead of engaging the Germans on the Western front. The document also outlines the now-reviled outcome of the European policy of German appeasement in the skirmishes leading up to the war. It details the failure of the infamous British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain in curbing German aggression, especially after the Allied loss of Scandinavia in the 1940s. The voice of the document’s author is one that was far too muted in the onset of the war; it laments Europe and Britain’s underestimation of German capabilities and the situation on the ground. Following the invasion of Poland on September 1st, 1939, most of the Allied forces were slow to react. Britain and France were the only two nations in Western Europe to attack Germany right away; the Soviets had actually gone as far as to sign a treaty of non-aggression with the Nazis, welcomed by Hitler as a means of consolidating the war into a single European front. European general appeasement of Germany was shocking; even the Scandinavians who would later fall under the flag of the swastika did not venture to defend themselves. With the exception of what would become the dominated Norwegian armies, Scandinavia fell despite British and French aide. European inaction and failure to mobilize cost the Allies dearly, with Germany easily able to repel the French and send the Allied forces reeling. The reluctance of Europeans to answer the call to war was lamented by scholars throughout the continent, but was accentuated by the fact that none of the countries attempted to stop Germany until the Nazis came within striking distance. The British were especially awed by German military prowess as most of the German conquests were by land and air, avoiding the powerful British navy. The document’s speaker is harshly critical of what it perceived as European self-obstruction, pointing towards the British Prime Minister’s attempts to control the damage done to his reputation. Defending the outcome of the German sacking of Scandinavia, the British Prime Minister â€Å"gave a reasoned argumentative case for failure,† citing heavy German losses as a sort of ironic victory in defeat. The speaker first chides the Prime Minister as wars are not â€Å"won by explanation of an event† but rather decisive â€Å"and swift action.† Lamenting the talks in which Europe took part, the speaker’s voice is harshly critical of the Prime Minister’s touting of a victory that was not, in his/her eyes, significant in the least. The Scandinavian front was the last in which Britain could effectively make significant use of its Navy, its most powerful military branch. The document continues to call for a swift change in government as â€Å" wartime leaders† are not good in peace and vice versa. The speaker claims that the â€Å"duty of the government† is to exhibit the kind of leadership necessary to â€Å"win a war† rather than simply deconstruct why it failed. While the speaker is assured that â€Å"procrastination† is a â€Å"virtue† in politics, he argues that peacetime lawmakers do not understand its damning effect in war. The document is a remarkably reliable historical source as it goes into the foreign policy aspect of WWII, which is largely ignored in most historical accounts of the war that involve significant military victories or successful rebellions. The disgust the speaker has for the appeasement policies of his own government, in addition to the inability exhibited by the Prime Minister once he actually assumed a military state was an insurmountable affront to the war effort and the desire of peace throughout the land. Document A is also important is it predicates the ascension of Churchill to a combination of both military and political failures. The document is perhaps the more important to the student of history than the other two, for the specific reason that it touches on so many different dimensions of history, from the military to that of the political and the greater good. Not only does document deconstruct the military inefficacies in the first part of the war, but it also shows the pivotal point of British victory to the instatement of a more hawkish administration than that of the appeasement-endorsing Chamberlain leadership. ANALYSIS: DOCUMENT B The document is a British song about the escalating events in the Russo-Turkish War of 1877, which found Britain in an unconventional allegiance with the Ottoman Turkish Empire. The song is one of nationalism, as is to be expected in wartime arts such as poetry and music. Though the song describes the Turks on neutral terms, it does not go so far as to fully demonize the Russians or paint the Ottoman Empire in a purely positive light. What is most remarkable about the song, however, is that it portrays an Islamic empire on equal terms with a Christian nation. â€Å"Macdermott’s War Song† describes a military struggle that encompassed the collision of two very different worlds. On the one side were the Ottoman Turks, an Islamic Empire that stretched from North Africa through the Arabian peninsula and through the Balkan states. On the other were the Russians, who sought to liberate Bulgaria and other Slavic, Orthodox Christian nations from the clutches of Islamic dhimmitude. The real politic on the part of the Russians was of course to establish a line of satellite states so as to get access to the trade-rich Mediterranean, a course of action which did not easily fool Russia’s Western European counterparts. Concerned also with the Turks’ brutal suppression of Slavic rebellions, European nations soundly denounced Ottoman military conduct, which also helped gain Russia several allies in its campaign against the Turks. Despite the familiar call to â€Å"liberate† Christianity from the dominance of imperial Is lam, other states such as France and Great Britain were not quick to heed the call to a unified European (or Christian) front, as trade relations warranted a departure from traditional conclusions of Muslim-Christian relations. The Russo-Turkish War marked one of the only times in European history that one Christian nation allied itself with a Muslim nation in order to stave off the growth and expansion of another Christian sovereignty. Longtime trading partners with the Ottomans, the British Empire wasted little time in establishing a protectorate role of the Ottoman state, a position which obviously did not set well with London’s one-time Russian ally. The war, however, did not escalate in the terms of the World War (WWI) as the alliances which were followed were largely extemporaneous, as was the actual military campaign which resulted in Ottoman recognition of the liberty of the Balkan states. â€Å"Macdermott’s war song† depicts the Russian Empire as â€Å"the rugged Russian bear,† strategically describing Moscow as â€Å"bent on blood and robbery†. Alluding to the Anglo-Russian war of 1807, the song laments having to wage war but insists that â€Å"a thrashing now and again† was not enough â€Å"to tame that brute† whose aggression against Turkey was not out of compassion for the Balkans but a part of Moscow’s â€Å"same old game† of plundering and territorial gain. Cognizant of Britons’ reluctance to side with Muslim Turks, â€Å"Macdermott’s War Song† capitalizes on a sense of competition; fighting with the Turks was not to defend the Ottoman possessions such as Constantinople, Bulgaria, or the Balkan states, but rather a means of stifling Russian imperial competition. The song assures the British people by insisting that Britain had â€Å"the ships, the men, and the money† to wage a su ccessful war against Moscow. The song cleverly diverts attention to Turkish atrocities by conceding that while â€Å"misdeeds of the Turks [had] been spouted through all lands†, the Russians were surely not innocent of atrocities themselves. By pointing to historic massacres on Russian sovereignty, the British made morally defensible the Turkish position by showing that while they were a foreign force, their brutality would be no different than that of the Russians. In proving Russia’s inability to show â€Å"spotless hands,† the song illustrated the fact that Turks were different, but their â€Å"quarrel [was] just† and they should therefore be â€Å"thrice armed† against the specter of Russian aggression. The song is a reliable historic source, as it shows how British culture had evolved from one of religious affiliation to nationalist interests. Simple actions such as contemplating and making an argument for the support of Turkey reflects a huge shift in British international policy; though the song is not specific in its historical content regarding dates and events, it is historically indispensable as a measure of British national interests. While the student of the history of Britain and the 19th century world would find the song useful, its substance is not substantial enough to determine whether the song is a reflection of a singular frame of mind or if the song is indicative of a cohesive national conscience. ANALYSIS: DOCUMENT C The document is part of a newspaper article dating to 1842. It served as almost a technological update for the greater community, describing the latest in sewage disposal. The article introduces the new system in a favorable light, as funding for it almost certainly would have cost the local population. Consequently, its purpose and specifications were presented as universally applicable, its functionality and efficiency available for all to take advantage. The document presented is one that exemplifies the massive effects of the Industrial Revolution and their reach throughout all aspects of society. The article is not only historically valuable, but it also serves as a reliable historical source for the student of the Industrial Revolution. From a historical perspective, the article came at just as the British Industrial Revolution began to grow in magnitude and pace. 1842 marked a time when the British Empire began to escalate its operations, using its colonies and territories to expand and evolve its domestic economy. With industrialization came the expansion of the middle class to include not only those between lower and upper classes, but also to accommodate an explosion in population. The economy was compartmentalized, changing the face of cities across the nation as technology both industrial and medical technologies broadened in scope and availability. From an ecological (not to mention hygienic) perspective, Britain could not support the burgeoning population explosion that occurred between the 19th and 20th century. With memories of the Black Plague instilled in the public conscience, the impetus of technological application and advancement would rarely be felt as urgently as in other areas of the Industrial Re volution. With the population exploding and birth fatalities reducing each year, sewage systems were a vital part in the sustenance of sanitation in the expanding population of British urban hubs. Sewage systems not only alleviated the concern of many for the facilitation of industrialization, it also reassured the people that they had equal footing in a newly-egalitarian society where class was increasingly diminished in importance. New advancements were usually only available to the upper class, and the sewage system represented a unifying force in the road to industrialization. Several references in the text signify the process of industrialization and the advancement of technology. The â€Å"200 water closets and similar places† gives the impression of a society implementing modern plumbing, a reflection of advancement and population expansion. The allusion to the â€Å"common drains† reflects the mass expansion of residences as well as the population explosion, suggesting a population that grows faster than commercial construction can accommodate. Common drains also were present in factories, agricultural collectives, and mills in which the growing middle class worked. That they shared common drains also suggests that the amount of people living in close proximity to each other increased. The sewage system mentioned also serves several different venues, ranging from â€Å"the infirmary† to â€Å"slaughter houses† and â€Å"manufactories,† reflecting a great diversity of industry in one area in a short span of time. Most notable of the service areas mentioned is the infirmary, a non-industrial compound itself but one whose sewage output warranted use of a significant sewage duct or system. If the sewage output from an infirmary could rival that of â€Å"pig manure, dung-hills, slaughterhouses, and manufactories,† there would have to be a huge growth in population and thus an increase in patient input to the hospital in question. Of the industrialized sources mentioned, the slaughterhouses and pig manure makes note of industrialization’s spread to the agricultural domain as well as the centralization of industries in urban hubs as opposed to the rural section of the country. The document proves to be reliable as an historical source in the depth of the areas it mentions. However, most of the useful facts one may draw from the article are purely speculative without academic resources or prior knowledge of industrialization to corroborate conclusions. The specific numbers listed—the â€Å"200 water closets† and â€Å"30,000,000 gallons per annum of the mass filth†Ã¢â‚¬â€are indicative of mass expansion both technologically and from a population consensus standpoint. However, the article serves less as a historical account as it does a representative literature focused on the transition between the feudal age (with reference to the medical leeches) and the Industrial Era. The document is valuable to the student of the Industrial Revolution; however, it should be taken as a reflection of one aspect of a transitive period more than a description of the Industrial Revolution as a monolithic whole. BIBLIOGRAPHY More, Charles. (2000) Understanding the Industrial Revolution. London: Routledge.

Elijah McCoy :: essays research papers

Elijah McCoy was born in Colchester, Ontario Canada on May 2, 1844, the son of former slaves who had fled from Kentucky before the U.S. Civil War. Educated in Scotland as a mechanical engineer, Elijah McCoy returned to the United States and settled in Detroit, Michigan. He began experimenting with a cup that would regulate the flow of oil onto moving parts of industrial machines. His first invention was a lubricator for steam engines, U.S. 129,843, which issued on July 12, 1872. The invention allowed machines to remain in motion to be oiled; his new oiling device revolutionized the industrial machine industry. Elijah McCoy established his own firm and was responsible for a total of 57 patents, the term â€Å"real McCoy† refers to the oiling device used for industrial machinery. His contribution to the lubricating device became so popular that people inspecting new equipment would ask if the device contained the real McCoy, This helped popularize the American expression, meaning the real thing. His other inventions included an ironing board and lawn sprinkler. Elijah McCoy died on October 10, 1929 after a year in the Eloise Infirmary, Eloise, Michigan, suffering from senile dementia caused by hypertension. He was buried in Detroit, Michigan. Elijah McCoy was born in Colchester, Ontario Canada on May 2, 1844, the son of former slaves who had fled from Kentucky before the U.S. Civil War. Educated in Scotland as a mechanical engineer, Elijah McCoy returned to the United States and settled in Detroit, Michigan. He began experimenting with a cup that would regulate the flow of oil onto moving parts of industrial machines. His first invention was a lubricator for steam engines, U.S. 129,843, which issued on July 12, 1872. The invention allowed machines to remain in motion to be oiled; his new oiling device revolutionized the industrial machine industry. Elijah McCoy established his own firm and was responsible for a total of 57 patents, the term â€Å"real McCoy† refers to the oiling device used for industrial machinery.

monuments :: essays research papers

Monuments   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Monuments are a symbol of a significant time in history. Monuments represent life, death, success, and struggle just to name a few. They have become as important to society as the events they represent. They bring history alive to new generations and memories to those who experience them firsthand. Monuments create a bridge between generations. Many parents feel a certain indescribable joyfulness when they see the look in their child’s eyes they had went they viewed the same monument.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Many people feel a strong sense of patriotism and nationalism when they view a monument. Pride in one’s country is a great feeling. Monuments help bring out those feelings of nationalism. Homeland monuments such as the Statue of Liberty and Madison Square Garden makes one feel special. Millions of people from all over the world come to where you call home to view something that is special to you. We take such things for granted too often.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I came across many monuments in my research for this paper. I was very intrigued by monuments in New York City. Many people forget about the less talked about monuments. Such as the Flatiron Building and Gracie Mansion. Of course they are those well-known monuments as well. There is the UN building, which has been around since 1949. Penn Station is also another well-known monument. It has been around since the early 1900’s. There are many others including Grand Central Station, the George Washington Bridge, the Cathedral of St. John and Yankee Stadium just to name a few.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I have seen and been to a few monuments in my life. The one that’s sticks out in my mind the most is my visit to the World Trade Center after the first bombing. I remember the first couple of floors were being worked on, and you couldn’t really walk pass the building. Still, it was a magnificent site to see. I must have looked like a tourist because my eyes were constantly focus on all the huge skyscrapers that surrounded me.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Another monument I recently visited is the Reynolda House in North Carolina. The mansion was transformed from a place of living to a thriving monument.

The Nature of Power Essays -- Literary Analysis, Joy Kogawa

In the book, Obasan, Joy Kogawa uses imagery to convey different symbolic meanings in Naomi's life. Naomi goes through a journey in the novel to uncover the truth of her past. One of the many literary elements that the novel possesses is animal imagery that emphasizes meaning and contributes to the novel's theme. Several animals are mentioned throughout the novel to represent Naomi's emotions and her journey. Kogawa utilizes the several instances of animal imagery in her novel, Obasan, to reveal the nature of power, both physically and emotionally, and the victim of power—Naomi. Animals such as the chicks represent Naomi's helplessness and innocence as she lived in a world without her mother or knowledge of her history. The animals that Kogawa uses, kittens, chicks, and birds, are not strong enough against humans. They are not lions or tigers that can do harm upon other animals or human beings, therefore this makes them easily threatened and killed by power. Throughout the novel, the animals are controlled by humans, the same way Naomi is controlled by the adults around her. Naomi relates to the animals and often dreams about them; for example, she dreams of an encounter with a couple who owns a beast. It is either a dog or a lion, Naomi does not know, but she knows that it "belongs to the man. Its obedience is phenomenal" (35). The word "phenomenal" signifies how much the man has control over his dog—so much that the creature turns out to be a robot. It has no feelings and is easily manipulated, it cannot run away or fight back—the same way Naomi is in the novel. An adult who frightens Naomi greatly with domination over her unlike anyone else is Old Man Gower. He forces himself on her, using his hands and words, both physical... ...og is able to escape with its healed leg; the frog is able to move on from its past unlike Naomi. Kogawa's strategy to use animals in her novel, Obasan, is for a reason, as well as what kinds of animals. The animals and Naomi live in an unjust world where power is used to dominate them, ends the animals' lives, and affects Naomi for a long period of time. Naomi goes through a journey but does not overcome the nature of power that has haunted her since childhood. She remains the victim of power even as she finds out the truth about her mother and goes back to the coulee at the end. By using the animals, Kogawa shows how complicated Naomi's journey is, how she is has to remain silent, she is excluded from her family, and carries the past with her even at thirty-six. Kogawa is sending the message that animals are just as fragile and easily threatened as humans. The Nature of Power Essays -- Literary Analysis, Joy Kogawa In the book, Obasan, Joy Kogawa uses imagery to convey different symbolic meanings in Naomi's life. Naomi goes through a journey in the novel to uncover the truth of her past. One of the many literary elements that the novel possesses is animal imagery that emphasizes meaning and contributes to the novel's theme. Several animals are mentioned throughout the novel to represent Naomi's emotions and her journey. Kogawa utilizes the several instances of animal imagery in her novel, Obasan, to reveal the nature of power, both physically and emotionally, and the victim of power—Naomi. Animals such as the chicks represent Naomi's helplessness and innocence as she lived in a world without her mother or knowledge of her history. The animals that Kogawa uses, kittens, chicks, and birds, are not strong enough against humans. They are not lions or tigers that can do harm upon other animals or human beings, therefore this makes them easily threatened and killed by power. Throughout the novel, the animals are controlled by humans, the same way Naomi is controlled by the adults around her. Naomi relates to the animals and often dreams about them; for example, she dreams of an encounter with a couple who owns a beast. It is either a dog or a lion, Naomi does not know, but she knows that it "belongs to the man. Its obedience is phenomenal" (35). The word "phenomenal" signifies how much the man has control over his dog—so much that the creature turns out to be a robot. It has no feelings and is easily manipulated, it cannot run away or fight back—the same way Naomi is in the novel. An adult who frightens Naomi greatly with domination over her unlike anyone else is Old Man Gower. He forces himself on her, using his hands and words, both physical... ...og is able to escape with its healed leg; the frog is able to move on from its past unlike Naomi. Kogawa's strategy to use animals in her novel, Obasan, is for a reason, as well as what kinds of animals. The animals and Naomi live in an unjust world where power is used to dominate them, ends the animals' lives, and affects Naomi for a long period of time. Naomi goes through a journey but does not overcome the nature of power that has haunted her since childhood. She remains the victim of power even as she finds out the truth about her mother and goes back to the coulee at the end. By using the animals, Kogawa shows how complicated Naomi's journey is, how she is has to remain silent, she is excluded from her family, and carries the past with her even at thirty-six. Kogawa is sending the message that animals are just as fragile and easily threatened as humans.

Partnership working in services for children and young people Essay

1.1 Explain why working in partnership with others is important for children and young people. Agencies working with one another in partnership is important as it enables information and concerns to be shared, this helps with the overall development of the child. It can be used to keep a child safe from harm,(every child matters Victoria Climbie no agencies involved in her care shared information which resulted in her tragic death).It can identify if a child has any special needs the child can then get support and help. It promotes a good relationship with parents/carers and helps them to feel more confident with the setting and its staff. It also help colleagues share information and observations leading to a greater understanding of child and their development which helps the child receive consistent level of care. Overall working in partnership ofers positive, improved outcomes for children and their families. 1.2 Identify who relevant partners would be in own work setting. Parents ,social services, carers, senco, speech therapist, ofsted, gp ,health visitor, physiotherapist, nursery, colleagues, psychologist, paediatrician and police. 1.3Define the characteristics of effective partnership working. For a partnership between a number of organisations’ to be effective characteristics such as good communication, trust and respect and confidentiality maintained at all times .All partners should have a clear aim that is agreed to ensure the needs of the child are meet. Parents and children should be treated fairly and with respect so that trust can be maintained. 1.4 Identify barriers to partnership working. There are many potential barriers, these can be inconsistency between  professionals. An information barrier, language barrier, incorrect information given, incorrect knowledge, personnel barrier, misunderstanding, poor communication, cultural and or religious attitudes to disability .A parents own education, previous experience, individual practitioners lack of knowledge of other professions, poor staff morale and poor morale from partners. Poor understanding of the aims of partnership and a lack of attention to the development skills of individuals. The wrong or insufficient partners involved and continual shifting of organisational structures and not planning in advance when things go wrong. 2.1 Describe why clear and effective communication between partners is required. Clear effective communication is not only required, it is necessary to achieve the best outcome for all those involved. The key principles of partnership are openness, honesty and agreed shared objectives. All documents should be clear and concise, well written and dated. Any face to face meetings should have minutes taken, an agenda and a plan of action agreed that is sanctioned by all those involved ,all telephone conversations should be recorded ie written in dairy, date, time and with whom and what was discussed. This should then be confirmed by email outlining the conversation. If a breakdown between all partners involved in the Childs care, there may be an emotional, physical or intellectual impact on the Childs development. Identify polices and procedures in the work setting for information sharing. All policies regarding information in the setting are based on the Uks government guidance, these are European convention on human rights. Human rights act. Common law duty of confidentiality. Data protection act 1988 Every child matters. Children’s act 2004. Working together to safeguard children 2006 Information sharing guidance Safe guarding vulnerable groups act 2006 The children’s plan 2007. Criminal records bureau guidance. I have included several polices all of which make sure that the staff know they have a professional responsibility to share information with other agencies in order to safe guard children. The manger will disclose any information on a need to know bias only. All staff aim to ensure that parents and carers can share information with confidence and it will be used to enhance the welfare of their child. All development records are confidential and only staff and parents have access unless it deemed necessary to share with partners, personnel records and welfare requirements are also confidential. Each child has a key member of staff ie a named person who is the parents main contact with development and safe guarding issues. We also have clear polices about sharing information and confidentiality, which describe the principles and boundaries of confidentiality and when to share information . 2.3 Explain where there may be conflicts or dilemmas in relation to sharing information with partners and maintaining confidentiality. If you believe or have concerns that a child in your care may be suffering or may be at risk of significant harm, you may be unsure weather your concern constitutes a reasonable cause to believe that this is happening. In a situation like this your concern should not be ignored and you should approach your manger. You should not discuss the matter with anyone who does not need to know and protect the identity of the child and family involved. If you do have concerns it is not advisable to discuss the matter with the family until appropriate partners have been informed and agreed plain of action has been agreed. Sometimes a person may not specifically ask a member to keep information that they have given about themselves or another individual confidential and would of course assume that this is implied, the person may then share this information with others, who are not part of the setting partnership. Sadly there may be a child in your setting, who is believed to have a physical or learning disability. Sometimes a parent may find it hard to cope  and would rather with the not acknowledge the situation and refuse to co operate with the setting. .4 Describe why it is important to record information clearly accurately, legibly and concisely meeting legal requirements. All information must be clear ,accurate and legible. The data protection act states that you should take reasonable steps to ensure the accuracy of any personnel data you obtain. Ensure that the source of any personnel data is clear. Carefully consider any challenges to the accuracy of information, and consider weather it is necessary to update the information. All information must be correct ,not used for any reason other than the reason it has been collected unless permission has been given. Not usually passed on without permission. Not to be kept for longer than necessary and to be secure. Under the data protection act parents can ask to see information that is held about their children and correct it if necessary and to know how the information is being used. 2.5 Identify how communication and records are recorded and securely stored meeting data protection requirements. We hold written records the purpose of which are to comply with legislative requirements. These demonstrate that statutory and policy have been meet .As tool to provide evidence of work that has been undertaken. That demonstrate accountability in decision making , and to give an account of the children’s history, significant issues and involvement in the setting. Help us analyse and make assessments to help see if goals and aims have been achieved. To provide a reference and a reminder to key worker communicate information to co workers and partners. Show how decisions have been made and in what order. Provide information for responding to complaints. We keep personal details such as name address contact numbers medical details including medical contact numbers. All files are kept in a locked cabinet in the management office, which if left unmanned by management is locked, and locked at all other times only management have access to the keys, so there is no way that anyone can have access unless they first ask management. Only when managements permission has been given, can a person have access to records however they must first sigh and date they have been allowed access and this will need to be counter sighed by a manger. No records are to leave  the building. Only safe guarding officers are able to do this and this applies when there is a need to share information with our partners. Any use regarding safeguarding issues is at the discretion of management. No one is allowed in to be alone in the building other than staff, and no one is allowed alone in the office alone other than management .No pictures of the children are stored on the computer, which are taken for the purpose of their file are printed placed in profile and locked in cabinet. The photos are then deleted from the computer and camera right away.

Macro Environmental Analysis Of Italy

Political facetsThe Italian political relations and authorities are a merger of democracy and democracy, with people ‘s representatives in the parliament governing the state. Italy ‘s Chief of province is President Giorgio Napolitano. Premier Minister Silvio Berlusconi is the caput of the province in Italy. He administrates a multi-party system for successful running of the political activities. Italy was a founding member of the European Union ( EU ) . Today Italy is a member of many important international organsations like MIF, UN, G8, NATO, OECD, GATT/WTO or the OSCE. Italy has been a member of WTO since 1995 and it is besides of import to state that all EU member provinces are WTO members. So Italy ‘s trade policy is about the same as that of other members of the European Union. This fact makes clear that WTO trading spouses have less jobs in trading because of the remotion of all barriers to international trade in goods and services.Demographical facetsItaly h as developed into an industrial state, which is divided in two parts. The first portion is the industrial developed North, which is dominated by private companies. The 2nd portion is the agricultural South. The unemployment in the South is reasonably high and it is clearly to see that this portion of Italy is less developed. The Gross Domestic Product ( GDP ) is one of the most of import economical indexs. For Italy the GDP is $ 1.823 trillion in 2008. But one has to maintain in head that this figure does non mention to the population. If one wants to take in this aspects one should look at the GDP ( PPP ) . For Italy this is $ 31,300 this means how much the mean individual life in Italy hast to pass. As an investor this figure might go really ready to hand because one can see how much money a state has to devour in luxury goods. Alternatively of being able to afford 1s basic demands. The existent GDP growing rate in Italy achieved an sum of -1 % in 2008. The chief industries in Ita ly are touristry, machinery, Fe and steel, chemicals, nutrient processing, fabrics, motor vehicles, vesture, footwear, ceramics. The chief resources of Italy are mined merchandises like coal, Zn, natural gas and a rough oil militias.Macro environmental analysis of IndiaPolitical facetsIndia is a democracy. The people of India elect their authoritiess at all degrees ( Union, State and local ) by a system of cosmopolitan grownup franchise ; popularly known as & A ; lsquo ; One adult male one ballot ‘ . The cardinal authorities exercises its wide administrative powers in the name of the President, whose responsibilities are mostly ceremonial. The fundamental law designates the administration of India under two subdivisions viz. the executive subdivision and Real national executive power is centered in the Council of Ministers, led by the Prime Minister of India. India suffered political instability for a few old ages due to the failure of any party to win an absolute bulk in Parliament. However, political stableness did non alter India ‘s economic class though it delayed certain determinations associating to the economic system.Membership of international organisations:ADB, AfDB ( nonregional member ) , ARF, ASEAN ( dialogue spouse ) , BIMSTEC, BIS, C, CERN ( observer ) , CP, EAS, FAO, G-15, G-20, G-24, G-77, IFAD, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, LAS ( observer ) , NAM, OAS ( observer ) , PIF ( spouse ) , SCO ( observer ) , UN, UNESCO, UNWTO, WFTU, WHO, WMO, WTOInternational Relationss:International dealingss ships between India and a batch of the states in our universe have been comparatively good.Trade Policy:India is a member of the World Trade Organization and its predecessor the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade ( GATT ) . While take parting in its council meetings, India has been important in voicing the concerns of the underdevelo ped universe. For case, India has continued its resistance to the inclusion of such affairs as labor and environment issues and other non-tariff barriers into the WTO policies. Despite cut downing import limitations several times in the 2000, India was evaluated by the World Trade Organization in 2008 as more restrictive than similar developing economic systems, such as Brazil, China, and Russia. The WTO besides identified electricity deficits and unequal transit substructure as important restraints on trade. Its restrictiveness has been cited as a factor which has isolated it from the planetary fiscal crisis of 2008-2009 more than other states, even though it has reduced on-going economic growing.Demographical facetsIndia has a entire population of 1,17 billion people in 2009 and growing rate of 1.5 % in 2009 with an mean age of 25 old ages. India has a batch of immature people and with a Birth rate of 21.76 births/1,000 it has the highest birth rate of the three states. Little over a one-fourth of the population in India lives in metropolis ‘s with 29 % this is comparatively low. However the grade of urbanisation in India is 2,4 % wich is besides th e highest urbanisation rate of our three states. The labour force in India is the 2nd largest in the universe with 523.5 million people in 2008 it is besides the biggest of our three states. There is a batch of difference in instruction degrees in India. There is a strong line between truly high instruction and people that are non or ill educated.Comparison between Italy and IndiaPolitical facetsIndia is a democracy, Italy is a merger of democracy and democracy. This means that both states are free and people who live at that place make the determinations. The people of India elect their authorities by a ballot, which have the map of a President. Italy ‘s leader is President Giorgio Napolitano and Premier Minister Silvio Berlusconi. India is one of the major bring forthing states of coal. It besides has important sedimentations of Fe, manganese, isinglass, bauxite, Ti, Br, natural gas, diamonds, crude oil and limestone. The natural resources for Italy are chiefly mined merchandises like coal, Zn, natural gas and a rough oil militias. India is non a member of the EU like Italy, which was a founding member of the EU, however international relationships between India and a batch of other states have been comparatively good.Demographical facetsIndia has a population of 1.166.079.217 dwellers. In comparing Italy ‘s population is 58.000.000. Apart from the major difference in population, the demographical facets for India and Italy are unequal. India has a population growing rate of 1.548 % whereas Italy has a growing rate of -0.047 % . The population in India is rather immature in comparing with the population of Italy. In twelvemonth 2005 India ‘s urbanisation had an one-year rate of 2.4 % , Italy merely 0.4 % . These facts show us that there are a batch of differences between the two states.Economic facetsAs an economical index, frequently it is reffered to the Gross Domestic Product ( GDP ) . For India the GPD is $ 3.297 trillion with an one-year growing of 6.7 % . In Italy this sum is $ 1.823 trillion with a clear smaller growing rate of -5.1 % per twelvemonth. Both states have in common that most of the GDP is made in the service sector. In Italy the service sector makes up 71 % of the entire GDP while in India it is 53.4 % . Italy ‘s major exports are precision machinery, motor vehicles ( utilitaries, luxury vehicles, bikes, scooters ) , chemicals and electric goods, but the state ‘s more celebrated exports are in the Fieldss of nutrient and vesture. India ‘s major export trade goods included technology goods, crude oil merchandises, chemicals and pharmaceuticals, treas ures and jewelry, fabrics and garments, agricultural merchandises, Fe ore and other minerals.Italy and India in comparing to The NetherlandsPolitical facetsIn the Netherlands the signifier of authorities is non similar to the 1s from India or Italy. It is a parliamentary representative democratic constitutional monarchy province. The disposal constitutionally consists of the Queen and the Cabinet Ministers. By the early eighties the Dutch public assistance province had become the most extended societal security system In the universe but the public assistance province came into crisis when disbursement rose due to dramatic high unemployment rates and hapless economic growing. The centre-right and centre-left alliances wanted the Dutch public assistance province to make new occupations and to convey the budget shortage under control. So that they reduced societal benefits, lowered the revenue enhancements and deregulated the concerns. With these solutions the economic system was recovered and the budget shortage and unemployment were reduced well. The Netherlands has a sum of 11 Parties and the major political parties are CDA ( Christian Democratic Appeal ) , PvdA ( Labour Party ) , SP ( Socialist Party ) , and VVD ( People ‘s Party for Freedom and Democracy ) . The Dutch Parliament consists of a Second Chamber and a First Chamber. Both Chamberss of parliament discuss proposed statute law and reappraisal of the actions of the cabinet. The CDA has the most seats in the Chambers.Membership of international organisations:The Netherlands is an active and responsible participant in the United Nations system every bit good as other many-sided organisations such as the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development ( OECD ) , World Trade Organization ( WTO ) , and International Monetary Fund.Trade Policy:In 2007 the exports of the Netherlands were $ 457.2 billion. The chief export trade goods are machinery and equipment, fuels, chemicals and groceries. The Netherlands is a strong advocate of free trade and is a member of international forums like WTO and OECD. The portion of foreign trade in its GDP is more than 125 % . The Netherlands ‘ top three export spouses are Germany, Belgium and France.Demographical facetsWith 16.5 Million dwellers The Netherlands have a high population denseness of about 400 people per square kilometers. The birth rate exceeds the decease rate with 10.9/1000 people against 8.68 death/1000 population and a really high net in-migration rate with 2.72 migrants/1000 people besides contributes to this. Therefore the Dutch population increased by 50 % since the 1960 ‘s. Recently the population roar is easy worsening. The population is largely divided in middle-sized metropoliss.Economic facets between the different statesEconomic facets of the NetherlandsThe Netherlands has a comfortable and unfastened economic system, which depends to a great extent on foreign trade. Its economic system is besides noted for stabl e industrial dealingss, reasonably low unemployment and rising prices and a ample current history excess. From 2004 boulder clay 2006 the GDP went from about $ 610 billion up to $ 670 billion. The GDP per capita in the Netherlands is the highest of the tree reference states. The state has been one of the taking European states for pulling foreign direct investing and is one of the four largest investors in the US. The gait of occupation growing reached 10-year highs in 2007, but economic growing fell aggressively in 2008 as radioactive dust from the universe fiscal crisis constricted demand and raised the ghost of a recession in 2009.Main industries:Natural gas ; Dutch industry is diversified and includes a assortment of concerns that range from fabrication, excavation, and energy production to building and chemical fabrication.Economic facets of ItalyItaly has developed into an industrial state ranked by both the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund as the universe ‘s 7th largest economic system in USD exchange-rate footings and ten percent largest in footings of buying power para ( PPP ) by World Bank, IMF and the CIA World Factbook. More late, Italy has faced sulky economic growing and decreased international fight. Italy ‘s econ omic strength is in the processing and the fabrication of goods, chiefly in little and moderate-sized family-owned houses. The state has been less successful in footings of developing universe category transnational corporations.Economic facets of IndiaIndia has had a market based system from 1991 boulder clay now. Before that the authorities blocked a batch of the import/ export merchandises to protect the people. India achieved 9.6 % GDP growing in 2006, 9.0 % in 2007, and 6.6 % in 2008 this likely due to the planetary economic crisis seting the state on place 28 in the universe. The GDP ( buying power para ) did nevertheless turn from $ 2.816 trillion in 2006 to $ 3.069 trillion in 2007 to $ 3.297 trillion in 2008 puting India on place 5 harmonizing to the cia universe factbook.Most of this ( 53.4 % 2008 ) comes from the services sector in India.DecisionWhich state will hold the best market to export goods and merchandises to? India is a really interesting state to merchandise with. The economic system is on a strong growing flight and anticipations are that it keeps turning. All India has to make is maintain their market unfastened and maintain on working on bettering their substructure and educational system, this would besides better their GDP per capita. India has besides hardly been affected by the economic crisis of 2008/2009 Italy on the other manus has had a existent job since the beginning of the crisis, in the EU Italy has taken one of the hardest hits on GDP ( PPP ) and GDP Growth rate, nevertheless, even before the start of the crisis the Italian economic system had already been & amp ; lsquo ; sulky ‘ . In the terminal, it all depends on what goods and merchandises you are be aftering to export. Italy has few natural resources because Italy has specialized on industry and edifice luxury goods and for all this you need stuffs so exporting natural resources would be best here. In India we would export capital/consumer goods, if the economic system keeps turning as predicted than that combined with the fact that the liberalisation of import revenue enhancements continues besides adding a population of over 1 billion people. Brands it one of the biggest possible markets in the universe at this clip. Reasoning that both of the states have their advantages, the EU in Italy and the market potency of India, we prefer India to merchandise with.Beginnings:www.cia.govwww.demographic-research.orgwww.economist.comwww.geohive.comwww.oecd.orgwww.oup.comwww.wikipedia.orgwww.de.statista.comwww.economicshelp.orgwww.wiki.answers.com

International Trade

International Trade Trade Most economists believe in free trade – the movement of goods between countries in the absence of harsh restrictions placed upon this exchange. The comparative cost principle is that countries should produce whatever they can make the most cheaply. Countries will raise their living standards and income if they specialize in the production of the goods and services in which they have the highest relative productivity: the amount of output produced per unit of an input (e. g. raw material, labor). Specialization is a situation that occurs when individuals or businesses produce a narrow range of products. Countries can have an absolute advantage – so that they are the cheapest in the world, or a comparative advantage – so that they are only more efficient than some other countries in producing certain goods or services. This can be because they have raw materials, a particular climate, qualified labor (skilled workers), and economies of scale – reduced production costs because of large-scale production. Balance of payments Imports are goods or services bought from a foreign country. Exports are goods or services sold to a foreign country. A country that exports more goods than it imports has a positive balance of trade or a trade surplus. The opposite is a negative balance of trade or a trade deficit. Trade in goods is sometimes called visible trade (AmE: merchandise trade). Services such as banking, insurance and tourism are sometimes called invisible imports and exports. Adding invisibles to the balance of trade gives a country's balance of payments. Protectionism Government, unlike most economists, often wants to protect various areas of the economy. These include agriculture – so that the country is certain to have food – and other strategic industries that would be necessary if there was a war and international trade became impossible. Governments also want to protect other industries that provide a lot of jobs. Many governments impose tariffs or import taxes on goods from abroad, to make them more xpensive and to encourage people to buy local products instead. However, there are an increasing number of free trade areas, without any import tariffs, in Europe, Asia, Africa and the Americas and blocs such as: †¢The EEA: European Economic Area containing the European Union plus some other countries. †¢NAFTA: North America Free Trade Area: Canada, US and Mexico. The World Trade Organization (WTO) tries to encourage free trade a nd reduce protectionism: restricting imports in order to help local products. According to the WTO agreement, countries have to offer the same conditions to all trading partners. The only way a country is allowed to try to restrict imports is by imposing tariffs. Countries should not use import quotas – limits to the number of products which can be imported – or other restrictive measures. Various international agreement also forbid dumping – selling goods abroad at below cost price in order to destroy or weaken competitors or to earn foreign currency to pay for necessary imports. Globalizing trends The supporters of globalization, the way that the world's economy increasingly functions as one unit, say that it will continue to cause growth and prosperity to spread thanks to: †¢Free movement of capital: money for investment can be easily moved around the world †¢Trade liberalization: obstacles to international trade are gradually being removed. †¢Shipping costs that are ever-declining thanks to the efficiency of containerization. †¢Telecommunications and computing costs that have fallen dramatically. Fair trade The Fairtrade Foundation makes sure that producers and growers are paid a fair price, not just the market price, which can be catastrophically low. For example, prices can fall dramatically when there is overproduction around the world causing a glut in a particular commodity. Economic Crisis Economic crisis is marked by overpowering alarm, in financial or commercial circles, leading to a sudden and drastic restriction of credit and great shrinkage in commodity and property prices. A financial panic usually precipitates a wave of business failures and followed by a period of depression. International Trade International Trade Trade Most economists believe in free trade – the movement of goods between countries in the absence of harsh restrictions placed upon this exchange. The comparative cost principle is that countries should produce whatever they can make the most cheaply. Countries will raise their living standards and income if they specialize in the production of the goods and services in which they have the highest relative productivity: the amount of output produced per unit of an input (e. g. raw material, labor). Specialization is a situation that occurs when individuals or businesses produce a narrow range of products. Countries can have an absolute advantage – so that they are the cheapest in the world, or a comparative advantage – so that they are only more efficient than some other countries in producing certain goods or services. This can be because they have raw materials, a particular climate, qualified labor (skilled workers), and economies of scale – reduced production costs because of large-scale production. Balance of payments Imports are goods or services bought from a foreign country. Exports are goods or services sold to a foreign country. A country that exports more goods than it imports has a positive balance of trade or a trade surplus. The opposite is a negative balance of trade or a trade deficit. Trade in goods is sometimes called visible trade (AmE: merchandise trade). Services such as banking, insurance and tourism are sometimes called invisible imports and exports. Adding invisibles to the balance of trade gives a country's balance of payments. Protectionism Government, unlike most economists, often wants to protect various areas of the economy. These include agriculture – so that the country is certain to have food – and other strategic industries that would be necessary if there was a war and international trade became impossible. Governments also want to protect other industries that provide a lot of jobs. Many governments impose tariffs or import taxes on goods from abroad, to make them more xpensive and to encourage people to buy local products instead. However, there are an increasing number of free trade areas, without any import tariffs, in Europe, Asia, Africa and the Americas and blocs such as: †¢The EEA: European Economic Area containing the European Union plus some other countries. †¢NAFTA: North America Free Trade Area: Canada, US and Mexico. The World Trade Organization (WTO) tries to encourage free trade a nd reduce protectionism: restricting imports in order to help local products. According to the WTO agreement, countries have to offer the same conditions to all trading partners. The only way a country is allowed to try to restrict imports is by imposing tariffs. Countries should not use import quotas – limits to the number of products which can be imported – or other restrictive measures. Various international agreement also forbid dumping – selling goods abroad at below cost price in order to destroy or weaken competitors or to earn foreign currency to pay for necessary imports. Globalizing trends The supporters of globalization, the way that the world's economy increasingly functions as one unit, say that it will continue to cause growth and prosperity to spread thanks to: †¢Free movement of capital: money for investment can be easily moved around the world †¢Trade liberalization: obstacles to international trade are gradually being removed. †¢Shipping costs that are ever-declining thanks to the efficiency of containerization. †¢Telecommunications and computing costs that have fallen dramatically. Fair trade The Fairtrade Foundation makes sure that producers and growers are paid a fair price, not just the market price, which can be catastrophically low. For example, prices can fall dramatically when there is overproduction around the world causing a glut in a particular commodity. Economic Crisis Economic crisis is marked by overpowering alarm, in financial or commercial circles, leading to a sudden and drastic restriction of credit and great shrinkage in commodity and property prices. A financial panic usually precipitates a wave of business failures and followed by a period of depression.

Local Study About Social Networking

TOPIC: CORRELATIVE ASSESMENT OF REALITY TELEVISION AND SECONDARY STUDENTS VALUES FORMATION IN STO. NINO FORMATION AND SCIENCE SCHOOL DURING S/Y 2012-2013 CHAPTER 1 THE PROBLEM AND IT’S BACKGROUND Introduction: The world today Is being controlled by the technology. With all the various types of new inventions and gadgets. People are slaves of all the product of the intelligence of mankind. People follow the trends of the world, whatever is new, people do follow. The influence of media Is a very big destruction to humankind. The invasion of new television programs are trending especially to the teenagers.Reality television began in 1948 with Allan Funt’s TV series Candid Camera. Reality Television is a television programming that presents purportedly unscripted melodramatic or humorous, situation, documents, actual events ,and usually features ordinary people instead of professional actors. Reality television represents the life of rich high class individuals who thrive o ff drama, materialistic items and fame. Girls are being very liberated and show off their interest on men, or they do the first step instead of the guy moving first. Reality television shows series as an entertainment purpose to all of it’s viewers, young or old.Producers want viewers to think and believe that these shows are not scripted. Most of the individuals are most of the times very selfish, childish and materialistic. When people watch reality television programs, they indicate to think that what they are seeing or what they are watching are true to life. And because of that, they believe that what they see on TV is what life really is. Viewers of reality television who are addicted to these daily programs often get deeply involved into any situation. Often, certain reality television shows are based on topics that have no thought process or concepts.The audience thus gets hooked on to television shows, which do not really have any intelligent concept. For example, th ese shows often highlights constant fights or disagreements between a group and even telecasts certain moment not suitable for viewing for a family audience. However, some shows may even show positive things, which viewers can learn and apply in their daily life. For example, a person cal learn about teamwork or be motivated in life to achieve their goals or even chase a dream. It Is a problem because reality television programs, are not exactly real life on camera.Rather, the shows are edited and scripted in being a melodramatic television show to make it more interesting and more exciting. The producers edit and script these to show to make It to have more conflict, more danger, more of negative things.. History has shown that when a mass of people can easily be controlled by a single person or a group of people that results to causing of grave harm. The influence of reality television characters, especially those who are teenagers, because they are influencing teenagers very effe ctively, especially with daring segments of the television programs.Especially, to think that this is a reality television show. Reality television is not really reality. Unluckily, many people think that It Is. These television shows draws hundreds, thousands, and even millions of viewers from all ages because It Is entertaining. It has been the focus of so much criticism because of doubtful honesty messages of some of the shows depict. Unrealistic expectations. The late novelist Kurt Vonnegut once described media in terms that may apply to reality shows.He explained how TV and movies have caused people to expect reality to be much more dramatic than it really is: â€Å"†¦ because we grew up surrounded by big dramatic story arcs in books and movies, we think our lives are supposed to be filled with huge ups and downs. So people pretend there is drama where there is none. † Nothing proves Vonnegut's theory like America's love for reality TV. Shows such as â€Å"The Real World† and â€Å"The Hills† are filled with over-dramatic fights and intrigue. But unlike books and movies before them, reality TV claims to be representative of real life.This helps people believe more than ever before that life should be full of dramatic ups and downs that don't really exist. Enjoying misfortunes for others. Waite also expresses the fear that reality shows such as â€Å"Temptation Island† bring out viewers' attraction to mortification. â€Å"Temptation Island† revolved around trying to get monogamous couples to be unfaithful. Waite says of heavy watchers of these sorts of shows, â€Å"They expect it's OK to humiliate and to be humiliated by others, instead of thinking there's something wrong with this behavior. † The worst human behavior.Psychologist George Gerbner and Larry Gross of the University of Pennsylvania developed the â€Å"cultivation theory,† which asserts that prolonged exposure to television can shape viewerà ¢â‚¬â„¢s concept of the world. Basically, the more television someone watches, the more he will believe the world is as it’s presented by the TV. I can see how this might apply to older generations who didn’t grow up in the Information Age. Take my grandpa, for example. He watches nothing but the news and he’s convinced the world is a violent and dangerous place. I’d probably think that, too, if all I watched were reports of thefts, shooting, and terrorism.I wonder if the â€Å"cultivation theory† applies to reality TV shows. If I did nothing but watch â€Å"Big Brother† all day, would I start to believe there were cameras scattered throughout my home and my family was conspiring to vote me out of the house? Voyeuristic Urges The idea that reality TV nourishes voyeuristic behavior sounds like a great argument. Who would want to raise a society of Peeping Toms? Thankfully, this criticism has no merit. Voyeurism is, by definition, â€Å"the p ractice of obtaining sexual gratification by looking at sexual objects or acts, especially secretively. † The key word here is secretively.All voyeuristic pleasure is removed if the person being watched knows she’s being watched. A threat to intelligence Reality TV critics claim that these shows pander to the ill-witted and somehow manage to make the rest of us dumber for watching. I don’t think it’s possible to lose brain cells or cognitive functioning simply from tuning into a TV show. I think a far greater concern for critics is the sense of superiority viewers derive from watching reality TV. The truth is many people watch these shows to feel better about their own lives. What does that say about our society’s ability to promote a healthy self-image?Entertainment Critics of reality TV argue that television should be used to education, inform, and enlighten viewers. I agree television is an excellent medium for teaching, decimating information, a nd promoting the arts, but it is also a vehicle for entertainment. It’s a way to peer into another world for amusement and fun. Television offers viewers a needed break from the daily pressures of life; it’s a healthy occupation for the mind. These are just some of the reasons why we are really decided to study about this topic. It Is a stepping stone for us for all the teenagers out there, especially with the secondary students here in SNFSS.This Is to prevent bad things to happen. And open up there eyes in what they know and see about reality television programs. It Is not that when we enjoy, what we see or what we do, you think that It Is right. But It’s not, sometimes, It’s really easier and more fun to the bad or wrong things, especially Now a days. Technology Is getting better and better, and the media invades the world, It conquers peoples mind and beliefs. The goal that we wanted to achieve in studying this topic Is to open everyone’s eyes in what reality television programs Is all about.We carry on this analysis and research because we are craving to know what are the positive and negative effects of TV programs on the values formation of the secondary students In SNFSS during SY 2012-2013, and the possible effects and feedback of reality TV programs. Theoretical Framework Kohlberg’s theory of Moral development, Is a theory based upon research and interviews with groups of young children. A series of moral dilemmas were presented to these participants and they were also interviewed to determine the reasoning behind their judgments of each scenario. Kohlberg as not interested so much In the answer to the question of whether Heinz was wrong or right, but In the reasoning of for each participant’s decision. The responses were then classified into various stages of reasoning in his theory of moral development. Level 1- Stage 1 (Obedience and Punishment) The earliest stage of moral development Is especially common in young children, but adults are also capable of expressing this type of reasoning. At this stage, children see rules as fixed and absolute. Obeying the rules Is important because It Is a means to avoid punishment.Stage 2 (Individualism and Exchange) Children and adults account for individual points of view and judge actions based on how they serve argued that the best course of action was the choice that best-served Heinz’s needs. Reciprocity Is possible at this point in moral development but only If It serves one’s own. Level 2-Conventional Morality; Stage 3(Interpersonal Relationships) Often referred to as the â€Å"good boy- good girl† orientation, this stage of moral development Is focused on living up to social expectations and roles.There Is an emphasis on conformity, being â€Å"nice†, and consideration of how choices influence relationships. Stage 4(Maintaining Social Order) At this stage of moral development, people begin to consider soc iety as a whole when making judgments. The focus Is on maintaining law and order by following the rules, doing one’s duty, and respecting authority. Level 3- Post Conventional Morality; Stage 5( Social contract and Individual Rights) At this stage, people began to account for the differing values, options and beliefs of other people. Roles of law are important for aintaining a society, but members of the society should agree upon these standards. Stage 6(Universal Principles) Kohlberg’s final level of moral reasoning Is based upon universal ethical principles and abstract reasoning. At this stage, people follow these internalized principles of justice, even If they conflict with law and rules. Conceptual Framework Input Throughput/Process Output Results of the survey form the secondary students. 1. Observation on the ongoing survey. Profile Variables: 1. Surveys about the given problems from Grade 7 to 4th year High school. . Comparisson of watching and not watching of reality television programs. Compare about the difference between the answers of the grade 7 and 3rd year, 2nd year and 4th year High school students. Surveys on 10 to 15 people Grade 7 and 3rd year HS 2nd year and 4th year HS Figure 2: Conceptual Framework of the study depicting the profile variables and the results of the survey from the secondary students The first box on our figure is the input. We have our profile variables, the first one Is having surveys about the given problems from Grade 7 to 4th year High school.And the second one Is the comparison of watching and not watching reality TV shows. These are the required or available data to be used in our surveys with the secondary students of SNFSS. The second box on our figure Is the throughput or the process. Our process would be like this. We will conduct a survey from 10 to 15 people of the grade 7 and 3rd year high school students and we will be observing and comparing It with the result of the survey of the students f rom the 2nd year and the 4th year High school. We will be comparing the differences between the 2 sets of batch of students.The third box on our figure Is the output and In It Is the results of the surveys. Hypothesis (Null Hypothesis) There Is no unnecessary effect of watching reality TV programs In the values formation of the secondary students of SNFSS during SY 2012-2013. Statement of the Problem 1. What Is the most commonly reality television show being watched by the secondary students of SNFSS (SY 2012-2013)? 2. How does It help you In your daily living in school or at home? 3. What are the advantages of watching different reality TV programs? 4. What are the disadvantages of watching different TV programs?Scope and Delimitation This study Is conducted and done to the secondary students of the Sto. Nino Formation and Science School during the school year 2012-2013 to know If there Is a unnecessary effect of watching reality TV programs In the values formation of the secondary students. Pinoy Big Brother Is one of the most famous reality TV show here In the Philippines, and next to It is the Survivor Philippines etc. Our main focus In our study Is to know the advantages and the disadvantages of reality TV programs In the Values formation of the secondary students here In SNFSS.